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Progetto IDRA 2 Dipartimento Protezione Civile - Centro di Eccellenza Cetemps |
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For each case study a quick description of ground effects and possible
damages is reported including a link to the reports of Civil
Protection authorities (if available). The skills for precipitation scenarios prediction and flood alert indeces for each algorithm are also given with the following acronyms:
Below the figures a detailed comment about the peculiarities of the case study is reported. In this link, we reported how the Indices are calculated. |
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| Nr. | Case Study Description | MM5 Acc. Rain Map |
OBS Acc. Rain Map |
CAI2 Map | BDD Map | |
| 1 |
Lazio region, March 15/18 2011 Widespread floodings and evacuation of isolated buildings. 
Report by Functional Regional Center, Lazio Region.Informations downloaded from the WEB:
ANSA Messaggero.it
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According to Lazio Functional Regional Center, the event was caused by frequent local weak precipitation in the first half on the mouth, widespread precipitation during the period of event, and a high saturation degree of the soil due to the melting of snow on the Apennines. The general pattern of accumulated precipitation is well captured by MM5 model. In the following file .kmz file 
we have highlighted, on Google Earth, locations interested by flooding as reported by newspapers of that period (in this case, we have no data about event latitude and longitude, but only the location name) and by Lazio Functional Regional Center, and the location of hydrometric level sensors.
In the same file we reported our stress index maps too. BDD map represents the maximum value of BDD index for every grid point of domain during 8 simulated days. Different CAI2 maps represent the stress state of different points of basins at any time. To validate Indices, first of all they are compared with real data retrieved from the web (see above). In the following list we report the comparison between observed water level and flow discharge predicted by CHyM model. All comparisons show as CHyM model reproduces very well the timing of the event. Liri-Garigliano Basin Valmontone; Anagni; Patrica; Ceprano; Alatri; Falvaterra; Isola_del_Liri; Sora; Pontecorvo; Sant' Apollinare; Cassino_1; Cassino_2 Tevere Basin Subiaco; Marano Equo; Tivoli_1; Tivoli_2; Roma_1; Roma_2; Roma_3; Roma_4; Roma_5; Ponzano_Romano; Civita Castellana; Narni; Rieti; Rocca_Sinibalda; |
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| 2 |
Marche and Abruzzo Region, 1/3 March 2011.
Floodings at various points. Large number of landslides and mudslides.
Report by Marche Region
Department for Integrated Security and Civil Defence
Functional Centre for Meteorology, Hydrology and Seismology
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The accumulated abundant precipitation are determined different critical hydrological and hydraulic situations throughout with numerous floods and landslides.
In this case the MM5 model locates and estimates the rainfall with little precision. In the following file .kmz file we have highlighted, on Google Earth, locations interested by flooding as reported by Marche Functional Regional Center, and the location of hydrometric level sensors. There were floods in most basins of the Marche region with flooding along the primary and secondary river network, as evidenced by the timely BDD Index. In river basins as Metauro Chienti, Esino or Tronto where the percentage of mountain area is larger, the flood wave was generated mainly from the precipitation that fell in the hills and valley. The snowfall did not contribute significantly to the formation of the flood. Throughout the event, the unfavorable weather conditions, with wave heights between 2 and 5 meters from the north-east (as measured by the buoy network ondametrica RON-ISPRA located off Ancona), have hampered the natural flow of water into the sea, bringing the model to underestimate the extent of the event. A simulation of the BDD index can be viewed on Google Earth by downloading the following .kmz file |
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| 3 |
North Western Italy, 31 October/2 November 2010.
Deads, missing people. Serious damage to agriculture and manufacturing activities, dispersion of pollutants in soil. Report by ARPAV
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| From 31 October to 2 November 2010, the Veneto region has been affected by persistent rain in particular areas on the foothills and piedmont, where they are widely exceeded 300 mm in total, with local peaks well over 500 mm of rain, as also observed by MM5 model. The event was also marked by the persistence of sirocco winds to the coastline at a height which is leading to the dissolution of the existing snow, especially on the western foothills. This has resulted in the emergence of a high hydraulic stress and widespread geological instability in the region. The model builds very well the drainage network of mountain and foothill areas is found that with proper timing and localization in the three indexes. In contrast, the drainage network in the area of the Veneto plain are poorly constructed because of the works of canalization and strong changes to the territory. | ||||||
| 4 |
Campania, 9 September 2010
Cars entrained by the flow of water, resulting in obstruction of some roads. Report by Right Sele Basin Regional Authority, Campania Region
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| In the simulation of this case difficulties encountered are due to the lack of rainfall sensors on region and their uneven distribution especially in the southern Campania. The MM5 model and the observed rainfall data show a distribution of rainfall extremely divergent. | ||||||
| 5 |
Tuscany, 21/25 December 2009
Numerous flooding, damage especially to agricultural and industrial areas.
Report by Regional Hydrological Service, Tuscany Region
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| Meteorological observed data, in agreement with the MM5 model, indicate two peaks of precipitation in December 22 and 24. | ||||||
| 6 |
Ischia, 10 November 2009
No reliable information |
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| 7 |
Piemonte, 17/18 July 2009
Modest effects on the ground despite intense rainfall.
Report by ARPA Piemonte
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| In the early morning hours of Friday, July 17, 2009 a storm hit the northern Piedmont, in particular the Province of Verbania, as recorded by the sensors and inaccurately described by the MM5 model. The ground effects induced by rainfall were quite limited, having observed rare occurrences of a single case of flooding and landslides in the Municipality of Valstrona (VB). The model highlights CHyM in algorithms 1 and 2, a good estimate of the event, while the BDD index shows more precisely the times and places, although the ground effects were not caused by hydrological phenomena, rather than by poor land management. | ||||||
| 8 |
Calabria, 23/27 September 2009
Report by ARPACal
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| The MM5 model, in agreement with observed data, indicates that in the days between 23 and 28 September 2009 Calabria was affected by a disturbance which resulted in the formation of flood waves, in some cases of significant magnitude, in ionic river basins. The CHym model, especially through the BDD index, locate the areas and times of flooding, according to observed events. | ||||||
| 9 |
Lombardy, 06 July 2009
No reliable information
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| 10 |
Piedmont, Liguria, Emilia Romagna, 26/28 April 2009
Numerous landslides and mudslides; phenomena of localizated floodings. Reports by ARPA Piemonte
Part I - Meteorological and hydrological analysis
Part II - Process analysis and ground effects
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| The event took place 26-28 April 2009 came after a period of prolonged rainfall. This has resulted in conditions of generalized saturation of the basins that have responded so quickly to heavy rainfall with rapid formation of flood waves along the waterways and the development of numerous landslides. The response of the indices was good, relative to the respective sensitivity. Especially the BDD index identifies with precision timing and location. | ||||||
| 11 |
Calabria e Sicily 11/14 Genuary 2009
Widespread flooding, landslides, mud flows. Evacuations as a precaution.
Report by Department of Civil Protection
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| The two regions have been affected by heavy rains on 12 and 13 January: the MM5 model quantitatively underestimates the event, but locates well the pattern of rainfall. The only data collected about this case concern the economic damage. The lack of hydrometric data, unfortunately, does not allow a precise estimation of the alarm time in BDD index, although this seems to be reasonable. | ||||||
| 12 |
Sardinia 22 October 2008
Widespread flooding, idamage to infrastuctures, victims.
Report by National Civil Protection
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| Localized and intense rainfall in the first 12 hours of the October 22, in particular from 6:30 to 9:30. The weather event is not well simulated due to the small number of sensors: in fact, only a few sensors indicate heavy rainfall. In the first two indices alarm, unlike the BDD index, mapping and timing are good: the latter is probably less efficient in cases where the rainfall is intense and of short duration. The comparison between the two indices could ... | ||||||
| 13 |
Liguria - Genova, 4 November 2011
Casualties and considerable damage to buildings.
Report by ARPA Liguria
Report by ARPA Piemonte
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| Nell'area genovese tra le 11:00 e le 15:00 del 4 novembre si sono registrati i massimi assoluti dell'evento con le conseguenti drammatiche esondazioni nel capoluogo ligure. Sia il modello MM5, sia i dati pluviometrici non descrivono in modo esaustivo le precipitazioni, portando ad una delocalizzazione degli indici di allarme. Su questo caso e' stato utilizzato il modello WRF opportunamente ricalibrato che ha fornito la seguente mappa delle precipitazioni Acc. Rain WRF e il conseguente BBD index Alarm Map Alg 03 (WRF rain), in questo caso piu' performanti. L'alluvione di Genova oltre ad essere un caso particolare poiche' generato da piogge intense e localizzate, ha anche la peculiarita' di essere difficilmente rappresentabile in quanto verificatosi in ambiente urbano. L'analisi dei dati mostra come il BDD index individua le criticita' dei fiumi del versante piemontese ma non quelle del versante ligure (il timing per Genova e' esatto, ma il valore dell'indice e' basso Situazione simile al caso della Sardegna??) | ||||||
| 14 |
Liguria - Cinque Terre, 25 Ottobre 2011
Casualties and extensive damage to buildings and infrastructures.
Report by B. Turato, A. Cavallo, G. Galvani, F. Giannoni, P. Gollo
Report by ARPA Liguria
Report by Tuscany Region
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The flooding of the rivers Magra, Taro and Vara were caused by heavy rainfall accumulated in a few hours. The BDD index faithfully reproduces the event in time and space, including the enlargement of the river Parma is highlighted by the index. The only exception should be made for the coast of the Levant (Monterosso, Vernazza and Levanto) in which the small size of the streams do not allow the model to represent them properly.
A simulation of the BDD index can be viewed on Google Earth by downloading the following .kmz file
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| 15 |
Lazio 1 Novembre 2012
Work in progress
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| A storm has caused disruption and damage. The most complicated situation occurred between Frosinone, Ceccano and Pontecorvo: heavy rains have led to the accumulation of 300 mm of rain in less than seven days. In Pontecorvo homes were evacuated because of flooding of a stream at Tre Fontane. Flooding also occurred between Frosinone and Ceccano. Other operations of the rescue forces were recorded in Cassino, Castro dei Volsci, Ripi, Torrice and Castrocielo. One victim was recorded in Gaeta. | ||||||
| 16 |
Toscana 12/13 Novembre 2012
Work in progress
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| Calamitous event that has affected the central-southern part of the province of Grosseto on 12 November 2012, resulting in the loss of 5 lives, one for the flooding of the river Chiarone, one for the flooding of a channel at the Lake of Burano near Capalbio and the other three for the collapse of a bridge over the river near Marsiliana,near Albenga, and two injured in a serious condition. For the flooding of several rivers there have been enormous damage and overfloods in the countryside between the basins of the rivers Ombrone, Albenga, Paglia and Fiora in the town of Albinia, near Orbetello: the fraction remained completely overflooded with about 150 displaced due to the flooding of the river Albenga , out of a total of 700 displaced persons throughout the province. The cultural heritage has been hit with the collapse of a bastion of the Renaissance and a part of the walls of Magliano in Tuscany. Several infrastructures have been made uninhabitable, including the Highway 1 Via Aurelia and the Tyrrhenian railway (opened in the afternoon of 16 November 2012) which were discontinued by Albinia, as well as numerous roads of local roads as a result of the severe damage caused by the disastrous effects of bad weather. In Grosseto, there was ai record flood of the Ombrone river, remained in the floodplains for three days, with a duration greater than that of 1966 but no major damage in the city, despite the panic in the village of Istia d'Ombrone where the water reached some houses near the bridge, and the localities of Rispescia and Alberese also were cut off for two days. The heavy rainfall also affected the slopes of Mount Amiata, including the Siena side, as well as a large area borderline the Lazio Maremma, Tuscia and Orvieto, where there were no other significant damage from flooding. | ||||||
| 17 |
Nord Est 5 Novembre 2012
Work in progress
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| The bad weather has affected the Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the first days of November, on and off, bringing heavy rainfall (300-400 millimeters of rain have fallen in the last 24 hours) and a significant increase in the level of rivers and streams. The strong southerly winds and heavy rain caused the flood of the rivers Tagliamento and Isonzo. Roads closed in Gradisca, flooding in the foothills of Pordenone. No significant damage to property or persons. | ||||||
| 18 |
Marche, 12/13 November 2012
Bad weather, no critical event Informations downloaded from the WEB:
oltreFano.it
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| The rains caused by a very intense cloudy front hit for more than 24 hours between the areas of Tuscany, Umbria and the Marche Region. The causes are attributed to the presence of a high pressure block on Eastern Europe that determines the stationing of the perturbed system. The status of the rivers of north-central Marche region was monitored, in particular the Foglia and the Metauro. The flood of the rivers Misa and Esina has been reported, thankfully, with no emergency situations. Has been hit especially the area of Pesaro: is closed the ford, just realized on the river Cesano, after the collapse of the historical bridge. The infrastructure, which connects the province of Pesaro and Ancona, in particular, the area of Corinaldo and to Mondavio, has been completely flooded by the river | ||||||
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Toscana, 18 March 2013
Description
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| The bad weather that hit the Tuscany Sunday, March 17, brought heavy rain and thunderstorms of high intensity resulting in floods, landslides and overflowing. Many roads and city streets were closed, as well as schools and public facilities in many towns. The river Ombrone, created many difficulties as a result of strong and persistent rainfalls, and it overflow its banks in many parts of its bed. Is also critical the situation of Bisenzio river, which overflowed flooding some industrial areas such as Cantagallo and Vaiano. Serious consequences for agriculture of course, with hectares of fields covered with several centimeters of water. Many houses have been abandoned by the inhabitants, frightened by the flood wave of Ombrone and Bisenzio river and made in the structures of civil protection. | ||||||
| 20 |
Lazio, 31 January 2014
Description
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The regions of the Tyrrhenian coast were the most affected by the new wave of bad weather that hit on Italy in the days between January 31 and February 1. Heavy rains have already caused damage and discomforts especially in Lazio and Tuscany.
Overall, on the city of Rome, have fallen more than 130 millimeters of rain. The Civil Protection has invited citizens to minimize the move. In the district of Prima Porta a stream overflows and people had to find shelter on the roofs of the houses. A landslide of muddy material is finished on the roadway inside the GRA between the junctions of Casal del Marmo and Via Cassia. The metro stations of Lepanto, Octavian and Flaminio have been closed. At Ponte Milvio the water has reached 12.7 meters while in the area of Castel Giubileo the level of the Tiber is 17.15 meters.
At 5:00 AM has been opened the dam Corbara (Umbria). She remained still closed to prevent the rains in recent days had filled the streams of Umbria were added to the flood of the Tiber. Once opened the dam. the water took 18 hours to get to Rome. The controlled flood wave reached the capital around 22:00.
Near Trevi the Aniene overflows, flooding cropland due to inability to take in the swollen Tiber River.
Even the Roman coast was hit: Fregene, Fiumicino, Piana del Sole, Ostia and its hinterland, Dragoncello and Acilia. Some roads have turned into rivers, many homes were flooded. In Frosinone the river Cosa has burst its banks in several points, flooding roads and fields.
kmz file
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